![]() Many transcription factors use one or the other of two opposing mechanisms to regulate transcription. The transcription factor can either do this directly or recruit other proteins with this catalytic activity. Transcription factors use a variety of mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression. To explain the observed specificity of enzymes, in 1894 Emil Fischer proposed that both the enzyme and the substrate possess specific.ĭepending on the transcription factor, the transcription of the adjacent gene is either up- or down- regulated. Hence, the combinatorial use of a subset of the approximately 2. Furthermore, genes are often flanked by several binding sites for distinct transcription factors, and efficient expression of each of these genes requires the cooperative action of several different transcription factors (see, for example, hepatocyte nuclear factors). ![]() The number of transcription factors found within an organism increases with genome size, and larger genomes tend to have more transcription factors per gene. Transcription factors work alone or with other proteins in a complex, by promoting (as an activator), or blocking (as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase (the enzyme that performs the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA) to specific genes.
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